zion!

Rise of Zionism prior to the 20th Century

Early Jewish Zionism:

Western Wall given to the Jewish people for prayer tradition

Worship is being transferred to Western Wall

Saladin: (Islamic ruler who is considered the new Cyrus) allows Jew to resettle back in Jerusalem

Judah Halevi: exclaims the Jews must return to the land of their fathers and risk their lives for ZIon

The redemption of the world would come at the hand of the Jews, but only once there is a physical presence in Jerusalem

Jerusalem is seen as the gate to heaven

Maimonides: Doctor & philosopher in Egypt

-Jerusalem (physical city) is seen as prominent to the Jewish relgion

-Focal point- reclaiming Jerusalem 

-We need to still give respect to Haram even though Temple is destroyed

-Spiritualization, you can be a Jew without the Temple

-Jerusalem is still center, necessary affinity towards the city

Period of Zionism: national movement for the return of Jewish people to their homeland of Jerusalem

Settlements:

Spanish kicking out everyone who is not Christian

-So people go back to Jerusalem

Shabbetai Zevi declares himself as Messiah 

European Jews moving in

Landmark: windmill represents first settlement of Jews

1882 CE- secular ZIonist movement 

-Ethnic Jews moving to west Jerusalem 

Jerusalem also becomes an ethnicity, not just religion

Demographics:

During Crusades, Jerusalem is primarily Christian

Not very high population of Jews during Mamluk Period

Ottoman Period was tolerant of Muslims, Jews, and Christians

-Jews begin to populate more of Jerusalem at the end of this period

Huge migration of Jewish people from 1845 to 1967 CE

Secular Zionism:

Rabbi Yehuda Hai Alchelai: in 1840, claims that redemption will begin with the Jews

-Religious Jews reject Zionism as impious

Theodore Herzl: in 1896, calls for a vision or state for the Jews

-Sanctity of Jerusalem plays no role (he thought it wasn’t a big deal)

-He just thought it was important to have their own site

-He was regarded as “the Messiah, the son of David” 

-He was regarded as a significant leader of Jerusalem

-Messiah is supposed to be son of David (2 Samuels 7)

Zionists build a Jewish homeland called Tel Aviv, it is not Jerusalem

Rise of Anti-Semitism and Immigration:

Through literature and evidence, we can tell that:

-There is an increase in European nationalism (French want to be French, etc)

-Jews become very established and successful

-There is a growing resentment towards the Jews

-These problems are instigated by Christians

Jews flee to Palestine:

Second “aliyah” as Jews flee Eastern Europe

Rise of Hitler and anti-Semitism (blaming problems on Jews)

In Palestine, there is an increase in Jews

There begins to be conflict between Jews and white Arabs

World War I (1914-1917 CE):

Ottoman Turks are allies of the Germans and they fight France and Britain

Germany and Russia survive, and the Ottomans are wiped out

Formation of Soviet Union in 1922 CE

Jerusalem becomes headquarters for Turkish battalion

Armenians are fleeing genocide in Turkey, so they come to Jerusalem

Armenian quarter expands

General Allenby: wins the war in the east for the Brits in 1917 CE

-Broke through the defensive lines of the Turks

-Now British control Palestine

Sykes-Picot Agreement:

British and French make a pact

They wonder how to split Ottoman Empire

So they make a secret agreement between France (Picot) and UK (Sykes)

Divide into areas of control and influence

The French receive Turkey, North Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria

Brits get Palestine, Jordan, and South Iraq 

-They also take over Euphrates and Tigris region

Balfour Declaration (1917 CE):

British Prime Minister meets with Foreign Secretary

First British endeavor, they are going to support formation of a Jewish state

Ottomans used to rule, now it’s in their hands

They said they’d support them, as long as it doesn’t hurt anyone else 

They want to protect the holy places of all faiths

British Mandate (1918-1948 CE)

Churchill’s White Paper:

Clarified how the British viewed the formation of a Jewish state

Nothing changing, just clarifying. Everything has already been in tact

Didn't specifically want the Jewish community, they wanted everyone to be Palestinian

However, they still supported Jewish community

Area east of Jordan is renamed Transjordan and given to Abdullah I

Palestinians and Jews both think that the British want them to have their individual states

Peel Commission:

Violence between Arabs and Jews

Factions also begin to form among Jews

Militant factions in both Jews and Arabs

Overall community calls for the partition of Jerusalem, called the “Two State” solution

-Jerusalem and Bethlehem not to be controlled by Israel or Jerusalem

-It will be an International City

Arabs oppose the plan, Jews said it was a bare minimum (don’t like it, but they’ll take it)

The British pull their troops out because they think it is out of their control

People come occupy the land

War of “Independence” 1948 (as called by Israel):

Referred to as War of “Catastrophe” by Jordanians 

Jews attempt to capture parts of Jerusalem

Jordanians (Arabs) arrive and they fight with the Jews

Results: UN arranges truce and divides Jerusalem

Israel got a state out of it (west)

Jordan got a state out of it (east)

km.

a potpourri of influence.

Islamic Jerusalem

Abbasid Dynasty (750-969): 

-they are ruling out of Baghdad

-they attempt to wipe out the memory of the Umayyad accomplishments

-take credit for Dome of the Rock ("stamp out" and take credit for the things the Umayyads did)

-they forgot to change the date of destruction on their coins, however. considered plagiarism

-they continue Polemic against Christianity

-John the Patriarch of Jerusalem is killed

-unlike the Umayyads, there is hostility with Christians

Next dynasty - Fatimids (969-1099):

-results in a period of upheaval (more tumultuous time)

-but population continues to increase

-the welfare of Christians and Jews fluctuates

-they were allowed to practice their own traditions and worship, now they're not

-governors are appointed so everyone can get along

-their reign begins with "The War of Sixty Years" which involves the Christian Byzantines

-Byzantines attempt to rescue and liberate Jerusalem

-Caliph al-Hakim confiscates everything for islam

-he was an intolerant ruler

-in 1033 there is a huge earthquake, which damages Jerusalem's walls and buildings

-Jerusalem is on an earthquake fault (hence the valleys)

-Seluqs occupy Jerusalem (they take a non-diplomatic approach towards control)

-Fatimids try to get back control, but the damage had already been done

-it was a situation of Muslims fighting each other and ultimately weakening themselves so that a third party (the Seluqs) could come in and take over

Crusader Jerusalem

Fast-forwarding to the end of the Crusades:

-Ayyubid Jerusalem (1187-1250)

-begins when Saladin takes over Jerusalem

-this is a time of continued attempts of conquest by outside forces

-his big victory was at the mountain called “Horns of Hattin”

-there is a massacre, and Jerusalem gives in

-Saladin knew he had control and allowed people to leave if they wished

-he carried out purification rituals for the Temple Mount

-the Greek Orthodox Church is given the Holy Sepulcher

-the Jewish quarter is beginning to populate (this is when the quarter is introduced)

-Muslim shrines begin to replace everything

-Saladin dies and his successors struggle with power

-several unsuccessful crusades, and the walls of Jerusalem are dismantled

-people no longer flee there for protection

-it's not a place of refuge so the population goes down

Mamluk and Ottoman Jerusalem

The period post-Crusades- Malmuk Jerusalem (1250-1516 CE):

-Mamluk: a soldier of slave origin who converted to Islam

-Movement (not dynasty) of people taking control that usually don’t

-Marginalized groups have affinity towards this

-Become source of political and military power

-They even attained ranks of Sultan

-Jerusalem become religious center

-Alternative way of making Hajj to Jerusalem- Ziyara

-Muhammad explains eternal struggle of islam

-There's a symbolic purpose of protecting Jerusalem

-But they see it at religious, not political

-Build up Temple Mount with Islamic schools, hospices, hostels, etc.

-Used Crusader structure (existing materials used)

Mamluk Architecture:

-Domes, bricks, decorative features

-Red and white or black and white stones

-Monumental entrances

-"square bricks to make round surface”

-Built the Al-Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya

-Buildings add to Sultan's prestige

-There's only geometry and calligraphy, no graven images

-Ghawanima Minaret on northwest corner of Temple Mount

-Lots of sounds: church bells, knocking wood, prayer call

Development of Jerusalem:

-New towers, minarets, and pulpit on the Haram

-Restoration of the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque

-Jewish quarter was still growing even under Islamic control

-Not political or administrative control, just religious

-They weren't looking to take back Jerusalem

-Legends are being built upon

-The synagogue becomes the Jewish center for religion

-Rabbi talks about making trip to Jerusalem (aliyah)

-This sort of pilgrimage is now a commandment for Jewish people

-Begin to see Jewish mysticism

-There's no Temple, so now it's spiritualized

-This still gives a path to God, there's just no physical structure

-Zion is the divine presence and final stage for pathway to God

-Spiritual Judaism is called Kabbalah

Ottoman Jerusalem (1516-1918):

-The Ottomans take Constantinople

-Selim I defeats the Mamluks 

-Jerusalem peacefully capitulates

-Possessor of first qiblah (direction of prayer)

-Strong, centralized government for Jerusalem

-Jerusalem lost to Mohammed Ali in Egypt in 1831 CE

-Ottoman rule was restored in 1840 CE

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566 CE):

-A law giver and builder of aqueducts

-Also rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem

-Restorations of holy places on Temple Mount 

-Needs to build up spiritual significance

-Enhancements to the Islamic sites as well as Jewish and Christian sites

-Returns the city to a place of protection

-Powerful center of Islam

-Encourages people to settle and restore the city

-More Jews returning to Jerusalem (almost triple the amount)

-No more taxation 

Damascus Gate: 

-Leads to Muslim quarter

-Roads leading to Damascus

-Can’t just walk straight through

-Turn to the left, then walk through and go to the right

-This is for protection, can’t just batter through it

Jaffa Gate:

-Also has turns, can't just walk straight through

-Tradition of “walking into Jerusalem,” don’t ride in

-German ruler Vilhelm II wanted a grand entrance with entourage

-Couldn't navigate through the gate so he tore part of it down

-British general went back to old way after getting off horse

-HIs reasoning: he wouldn’t enter on horseback when his savior came in on a donkey

-Site where Stephen was taken out to be stoned (Acts 7)

Western Wall:

-Western retaining wall where Temple was built upon (created by Herod)

-Given to Jews as a place of prayer

-Myths associated with Temple migrate towards wall

-Presence of God was said to have settled there after the Temple was destroyed

km.

the bloodbath.

Crusader Jerusalem

Early Islamic Jerusalem:

-Many different dynasties

-Starting to grow, how should we build this force together

-Kind of start fighting among each other

-Islam is the new thing

-Starting to spread among the middle east

-Under christian rule, jerusalem lasts less than 100 years

Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291):

Several factors that led to this:

-Political: emergence of Holy Roman Empire in western Europe

-Religious: 1054 is the Great Schism which splits the church and Christianity (into Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic)

-late reaction to persecution of Christian population in Jerusalem

-Holy sepulcher destructed by Al-Hakim (set on fire) killing patriarch of Jerusalem

-Difficulty of Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem

Christian and Muslim sources of the Crusades:

-William of Tyre: documents the Crusades and the capture of Jerusalem from a Christian point of view

-Ibn al-Qalanisi: documents the other side of this from a Muslim point of view

-Documentation from different viewpoints forces us to have to weed out fact from myth

What sets this all into motion?

1095- 1099 Pope Urban II makes a speech at church council

-explains the background of Jerusalem and exclaims that the city is now being held captive by Christians 

-he wants the people to drop everything they're doing to fight for their rights

-the people follow what he says 

What is a Crusade?

-an expedition authorized by the Pope in Christ’s behalf 

-took vows and consequently enjoyed indulgences and privilege of protection

-indulgences are gained through collecting or contributing funds to the Crusade, preaching for it, or settling as a colonist in the holy land

1st Crusade (1095-1099):

- the Peasants Crusade: they were ill-equipped 

-but their basic mentality was "what do we have to lose?"

-so they started across the land towards the Lavant, but they run into the Turks and get slaughtered

-other people learned from this so they were able to be more successful in later Crusades

-they now knew to pull together funding, food, etc. to be more prepared

-two years later they (higher class nobles) were ready to start a new Crusade

Siege of Jerusalem:

-lots of blood

-meant to be honored to God

-there's a switch to Crusader Jerusalem

-Jerusalem was conquered by Godfrey de Bouillon in 1099, but he refuses to wear the crown

-city is in religious authority

-there are four different principalities and Jerusalem is the head

Sources:

-maps showing four quarters

-reconstruct Jerusalem and make sense of pilgrim accounts

-Jerusalem is partitioned off

-religious center: patriarchs quarter where Holy Sepulcher is located

-Templars quarter: where there is the Temple Mount

-there is also the Syrian quarter and the Armenian quarter

-lot of monuments from the time including the cross that is added to the Dome of the Rock; the Holy Sepulcher; Church of Ascension, St. Mary, and St. Lazarus; and the new churches in the Armenian quarter (42 new churches in total during this period)

2nd Crusade (1147-1149):

-Preached by St. Bernard

-involved French vs. German Crusaders

July 4, 1187 marks the date of Jerusalem reverting back to Muslim control 

km.

now come the muslims!

Islamic Jerusalem

Byzantine era ends

Sasanians (from Iran) take Palestine and Jerusalem (614-628 CE)

This is the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire (in east)

They are one of the two main powers in western Asia and Europe

The other power is the Romans (in west)

In 614 CE, the Jewish people were allowed to resettle in Jerusalem

In 628 CE, Heraclius retakes Jerusalem and allows massacres of the Jews

After Muhammad:

There is great reverence shown towards the Prophet Muhammad 

“Peace and blessing be upon him” -phrase said by Muslims

There are no graven images or pictures of the Prophet

He leaves no heir after he receives his revelation

Qur'an is direct copy of the revelation

Caliphs lead the community

Abu Bakr rules (closest friend of Muhammad)

Then Umar rules as second Caliph, and after that is the third Caliph, Uthman

After Uthman, there is division of succession between Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) and Mu’awiya (Uthman’s cousin)

Sectarian Division within Islam:

-Supporters of Ali- based on kinship (become Shi’ites)

-Supporters of Mu’awiya- based on tradition and community (become Sunni)

Second caliph, Caliph Umar takes Jerusalem in 638 CE

Known as Umar the Great, he is a very powerful ruler

He doesn’t allow Jewish settlement

Later allowed the Jews to move back into the city

Christians were actually the ones keeping the Jews out

Islamic terms for Jerusalem:

Muslims retain the term Aelia

Then became Bait Maqdis “the holy house”, then al-Quds “the holy”

Haram al-Sharif “the noble sanctuary” is the new term for the Temple Mount

Jerusalem in Islam:

Qibla- direction of prayer (Muhammad had revelation to pray toward Mecca… before, people prayed toward Jerusalem)

Mihrab- niche indicates the direction of prayer

Kaaba- most sacred focal site in the city of Mecca, large stone box (used to be filled with idols)

Most holy cities to Islam: 1. Mecca 2. Medina 3. Jerusalem

Islam = Christianity + Judaism

Five pillars of Islam:

1. Shahada- there is no God but God, and Muhammad is his prophet
2. Shalat- pray 5 times a day, theres always someone praying around the world
3. Zakat- giving of alms to the needy
4. Sawm- fasting in the month of Ramadan, when the Qur'an was first revealed
5. Hajj- making a pilgrimage to Mecca

In Jerusalem, when a muslim goes on a Hajj, they paint their door to let everyone know they’re gone

This keeps people from stealing because it’s triple sin to steal from someone while they’re on Hajj

Umayyad Jerusalem (638-750 CE):

Centered in Damascus

Caliph Umar- wanted to provide an alternative site for Hajj, so he builds a wooden mosque

Abd al-Malik- builds Dome of the Rock in 691 CE (alternative site to keep people around since Mecca was expensive to travel to)

Jerusalem’s prominence vs. Mecca (much more tolerant place)

-Al-Aqsa Mosque, great palaces, new Ramla, tolerance of all religions, continuing pilgrimage tradition

Haram al-Sharif “Noble Sanctuary”:

Islam palaces and administrative centers built by southwestern corner (Ophel)

Built during reign of Caliph Walid (705-715 CE)

Built over old, destroyed buildings from Byzantine era

Had fresh water and beautiful architecture

Never fully completed, still used until the Abbasid period 

Dome of the Rock:

Only allowed for entrance of Muslims

it is an octagonal building with gold dome, supported by pillars

Decorations don’t have any pictures because graven images were banned

Instead, lots of geometric designs and calligraphy

"Mosque of Omar" was original name

Became a very important shrine early on

Commissioned in 687 CE, finished in 691 CE

Taxed Egypt in order to pay for it

Christian architects built the shrine, hence reason for imitation of Anastasis in Holy Sepulcher

They finished under budget and actually returned money (extra money went to gold plating)

Christian Byzantine Martyria- intended to outshine Christian monuments

Mosaic inscription of Qur'an, says Jesus is only Messiah, not God. No trinity either

Many traditions linked to it that combine Jewish and Christian beliefs

1099 CE- Crusaders conquer Jerusalem and convert it into a church

1187 CE- Saladin reconquers Jerusalem and restores it

Abd al-Malik: 

Improved road network to and from Jerusalem

Restored the Haram al-Sharif

Built a lot of walls and gates

Also built the Dome of the Chain 

-place of judgment

-only honest person will prevail

-geometric center of the Temple Mount

-seen as an axis mundi

Qur'an 17:1

Winged horse with head of a human (Al-Buraq)

Protectors of divine realm, magical beast

Muhammad get on horse and goes to the farthest mosque in Jerusalem (the al-Aqsa Mosque)

Al-Aqsa Mosque “Farthest Mosque”:

Built between 705-715 CE

Southern end has huge bulge because it’s giving way

Fighting over who gets to fix the wall

Historical significance: Abdullah was shot there

Only Muslims allowed in, racial profiling occurring 

No graven images depicted

Completely rebuilt after earthquake in 1033 CE

Prayer made at this mosque is worth 500 prayers

Prayer in Medina = 1,000 prayers

Prayer in Mecca = 100,000 prayers

km.

christians in jerusalem.

Byzantine Jerusalem (312-637 CE)

Cities other than Jerusalem become important with the rise of Christianity 

Prominent Jewish cities: Jerusalem, Alexander in Egypt, and Babylon

Things begin moving west with the rise of Christianity

Antioch, Turkey, Greece, Rome- western expansion of Christianity

Rome became most powerful

Early in Christianity:
Jesus was actually Jewish

Before the term "Christians", they were called “The Way”

Increasing Hellenization of Europe that causes all different kinds of Christians

Continue to see the spiritualization of the faith

Decrease in influence of Jerusalem: comes about from Jesus predicting that the Temple would be destroyed

The Book of Acts is spreading the word about spiritualization of faith 

Acts I: tells about the ascension of Jesus into the sky

Acts 2: the spirit of God is said to be with every believer

There are contrasting beliefs about what the Christians should instill as a part of their religion

There's an apocalyptic vision of a new Jerusalem

Many more records of Jesus proclaiming Temple will be destroyed

Consequently, faith is becoming portable

Jerusalem is important to Christians because this is where Jesus was crucified, buried and resurrected

“This is Jesus, King of the Jews” sign above him when being crucified on the cross

This is mocking him because he said he could destroy and build the Temple in three days

Christians justify it as Jesus referring to the Temple as his body (explanation of resurrection) 

Roman Rule (63 BCE - 614 CE):

Romans turn Jerusalem into a Roman town

285 CE: Roman rule changes when Emperor Diocletian splits his empire into east and west

He forms a tetrarchy because empire was getting so large

Maximan takes on Constants as co-emperor, Diocletian takes on Galerius as co-emperor (four rulers in total)

There becomes issues when the emperors die, etc. 

As predicted, his tetrarchy doesn’t work out

Constantine (son of Constantius) takes over complete power

Constantine (312- 337 CE):

Jesus is very pacifist, never worried about an earthly kingdom

Constantine takes interest in Christianity to unify his kingdom

He wants to conquer in the name of Jesus

Ironic because Jesus didn’t promote war, conquest, or anything of the sort

In 313 CE, Constantine legalizes Christianity through the Edict of Milan

He is fundamentally changing the way Christianity is practiced, but at least it’s legalized

At this time, there are many different groups claiming to be Christian, though they all have different beliefs

-Some people believe he was only a spirit

-Others believe in his physical being and believe he was adopted as God’s son.

-Some just think he has always been God

-Some deny that he was ever Jewish

Constantine comes up with standard set of beliefs

In 324 CE, the Council of Nicea arranges this. 

The recognize God as the Father, Son, and Holy ghost 

So there’s now two physical entities and one holy entity

Nicene Creed creates the Doctrine of the Trinity

7th Canon in the Creed says Aelia Capitolina should have an honored position

Now ruling under Religious Law, which becomes a usual thing for the Christian religion

Constantine moves his capital to Bosphorus Straight and calls it Constantinople

Constantine used Christianity for his own political gain

In 324 CE, Constantine’s mother, Helena, visits Jerusalem

Constantine allows her to be Empress

Ordered construction of church in Egypt to commemorate the burning bush

This new church was called the Chapel of Helena

She doubted the burial site of Jesus and “found” the relics of true cross, though her reasons were not very scientific

The Church of the Holy Sepulcher becomes the axis mundi when it is built over the actual spot of Jesus’ death

Julian “the Apostate” (361-363 CE):

He was given this name because he rejects Christianity 

He comes to power after Constantine and is pro-Jewish

Undid anything Christian that Constantine established

He even wanted to build a new church to replace the Temple

In 391 CE, Theodosius comes to power and names Christianity the state religion

Constantine only legalized it, Theodosius actually made it the religion of Jerusalem

Christian Jerusalem:

Wife of Theodosius II makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 438 CE

She contributes a lot to the city (churches, hospitals, etc.)

Justinian is the next ruler (527-565 CE)

He expands Jerusalem and builds the Nea Church to credit St. Mary as well as the Holy Zion

Nea church commemorates the axis mundi

It is very similar to Solomon’s temple in structure

Now that it is the state religion, physical things begin to play into religion again

Pilgrimage:

Jewish- 3 Festivals & 9th of Ab (celebration of Jesus' birth and mourning of Temple destruction, respectively)

Christian- Pilgrim of Bordeaux is the earliest known Christian pilgrimage

Physical experience becomes important again (sacred space)

Graffiti in holy sites to record account for pilgrimage

Pilgrimage becomes part of the 5 Pillars for Muslims later

Madaba Mosaic Map:

Mosaic on the floor of Holy Sepulcher

Portrays a very accurate map of the time

Lots of Roman influence seen in the buildings, etc.

Depicts several gates: Damascus, Hadrian, Stephen’s, Dung, Zion, Jaffa, and Golden gates

East is always “up” in ancient maps

Temple is no longer in the center, it’s off to the side

Center is now the Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Church of the Holy Sepulcher:

Migrating myths towards Christianity and away from Judaism 

Tomb was a theophany, Adam buried at Golgotha, etc.

Christian beliefs being moved to new axis mundi and away from Temple Mount


km.

revolt!

Jerusalem under Roman Rule

Sources of the Time:

1. Flavius Josephus

-wrote a book specifically about Jewish revolts called The Jewish War

-also wrote Antiquities of the Jews (some overlap with previous book) in 80 CE

-he was originally a general in the Jewish revolt against Rome

-sold out the rest of his people when he entered into a suicide pact and didn't follow through accordingly

-declared himself as prophet when the Romans came in

-proclaimed that there was going to be a king among the Romans

-he was allowed to live out the rest of his years and was protected by Rome

-he gives pro-Roman accounts of events (Rome is not blamed for Jerusalem's destruction)

2. Tacitus

-wrote a book called Histories

-explained the revolt as coming from messianism as well as ineffective administration

3. Archaeological Evidence

Division of Herod's Kingdom:

Herod died in 4 BCE

-this is how we know Jesus was born “BC” because Jesus was born in Herod's time

-had different wills that granted his realm to different sons

-in the end, three of his sons got the land

1. Herod Archelaus 

-the ethnarch of Judea & Samaria 

-refused to be called king (King Herod was the last to be referred to as king)

-he received the most land of the three brothers; he basically got half

-extremely bad ruler; recalled to Rome & sent into exile in 6 CE 

-less than ten years of reign

-as a result, Rome ended up electing direct Roman governors which was also ineffective since they didn’t understand the culture

2. Herod Antipas

-the tetrarch of Perea and Galilee 

-was granted the ruler of a fourth of the land

-ruled from 4 BCE to 39 CE, then exiled as well

-most references to Herod in the New Testament refer to him because he ruled Galilee, where Jesus was 

-he ruled heavily populated Jewish areas

-didn't mint coins with pictures of people on them in order to keep peace with the Jewish people

3. Herod Philip 

-the tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitis

-also received a fourth of the land, but got the worst parts 

-ruled without being exiled from 4 BCE to 34 CE

- minted coins with his own image because his land was so far removed from the Jewish people

-this meant he could get away with things; for example, he also put tetra-style temple, a temple to Augustus, on his coins)

As the sons of Herod disappeared, their land was taken over by procurators who were direct Roman rulers sent from Rome to govern.

Roman Procurators:

Infamous Roman Procurator, Pontius Pilate 

-presided over the trial of Jesus

-a governor of the land from 26 CE to 36 CE

-he was a bad ruler and often provoked the Jewish people

-the Romans eventually recalled him back to Rome

-the coins he minted depicted pagan objects and symbols

-he had no sense of sensitivity

-we know he existed because his name was found inscribed in a stone, referred to as the Pilate stone

In general, Roman governors were inept and inexperienced. They were sent to the east as a training ground to see if they could handle ruling. Messianism was on the rise at this time, causing internal conflict between Jewish sects and a steady decline of law and order. Jewish military was trying to overthrow Romans in order to gain independence since there was a consistent line of bad governor, after bad governor, after bad governor…

The Jewish people began to make their own coins as a way of asserting their authority. They attempted to declare independence by not following other coinage rules. This also acts as a means of Propaganda. This is where “Jerusalem, the holy” originates because it was found on their coins.

1st Great Revolt - 66 CE:

Rome appoints Vespasian to conquer Galilee

-he wipes out Jewish forces (this is the battle that Josephus proclaims himself a prophet)

-meanwhile, Nero commits suicide back in Rome 

-Vespasian then goes to Rome and takes over (maybe Josephus was actually right when he said there would be a king among the Roman conquerors)

-Titus, Vespasian's son, takes over his conquests in Jerusalem

-in 70 CE, the temple is destroyed in Jerusalem

-Titus said he didn't want to destroy temple, but the Jews wouldn't leave the temple, so he destroyed it on the 9th of Ab

-People were killed and others scattered from Jerusalem

2nd "Bar-Kokhba" Revolt - 132 CE:

-lasted until 135 CE

-not a lot known about this revolt

-Simon ben Kosiba (also known as "the Liar") changed his name to Simon Bar-Kokhba, which meant "the Star"

-Rabii Akiva proclaims that Bar-Kohkba is the messiah, however, he's really not

-there was institutional and spiritual crisis which caused major changes to occur

-even the Jewish prayers being said were evolving

-there is no more temple and still no messiah

-consequently, the center of Judaism moves to the coast- first Yavneh, then to Tiberias

-Bar-Kokhba attempted to outlive this messianic promise by portraying himself as messianic ruler

Archaeological evidence for Revolt:

-Bar-Kokhba minted coins, but he wasn't very successful because he didn't know Hebrew very well

-tried to mint coins similar to those from the 1st Revolt in order to appeal to history

-he put the temple on all coins as a way of saying he wanted to go back to Jerusalem and rebuild

-he even would overstrike coins as a way of "stamping out Rome" and put inanimate Jewish symbols

-he also wrote letters in different languages

-these were his attempts at employing nationalism and symbolism among the people

-to reassert himself as the new Jewish king he had to show dedication

-this was central in trying to take back Jerusalem

-he attempted to depict himself as a prince (Naci)

-this was due to the fact that he wasn't a priest or of a royal family, so he had to adopt a different name

-he embraced the concept of messianism so as to look like he was going to overthrow Rome

Overall Outcome:

-Roman Emperor, Hadrian ended up taking over, and he punished the Jews (included the ban of circumcision)

-the temple had been untouched and left in ruins

-he transformed in into the Temple of Jupiter in 135 CE

-Jerusalem was rebuilt by Hadrian as Aelia Capitolina

-he banned the Jews from Jerusalem except on the 9th of Ab when they are allowed to come and mourn their defeat

-this is primarily thought of as another period of cognitive dissonance

-for some Jewish sects, faith revolved around temple 

-now not possible to worship without temple because there was no altar for sacrifice, etc.

-there was the rise of the synagogue as a response to temple destruction

-Vespasian said that every Jew had to pay taxes to the temple even after it was destroyed

-this created a fiscal incentive to give up on religion and people stopped claiming themselves Jewish

-people created mechanisms of worshipping elsewhere so that they didn't have to rely on the temple

-as a result, belief in God was spiritualized (made more philosophical, Jews reinterpreted their faith)

-this led to more modified and traditionalized sects of Judaism

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